The Integrative Literature Review Research Paper

The Integrative Literature Review Research Paper

Perform a literature review using a minimum of seven (7) peer-reviewed articles and books, as well as non-research literature such as evidence-based guidelines, toolkits, standardized procedures, etc.
Review of areas in relationship to medicine, nursing, public health, etc.
The review should be critical and synthesize rather than just being a catalog of studies.
Summarize the key findings of the research and its relevancy to your project that point out the scientific status of the phenomenon under question. Such a statement includes: The Integrative Literature Review Research Paper

ORDER  HERE A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

What we know and how well we know it.
What we do not know.
Describe any gaps in knowledge that you found and the effects this may have on advanced practice nursing as it relates to your project topic.
Your integrative literature review should be 5–6 pages in length, not including the cover or reference pages. You must reference a minimum of 7 scholarly articles published within the past 5–7 years.

Integrative Literature Review

Obesity and overweight are significant sources of concern in any population. That is because they are associated with health complications to include diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer diagnoses, and other malignancies. This concern identifies the need to facilitate healthy weight loss and management (Brellenthin et al., 2021). Obesity and overweight identified as a chronic, relapsing, multifactorial and neurobehavioral disease. Obese individuals have a body mass index (BMI) of 30.0 or more while overweight individuals have a BMI of 25.0 to 29.9. Obesity and overweight are caused by high body fat content causing abnormal fat mass physical forces and adipose tissue dysfunction. This results in adverse psychosocial, biomechanical and metabolic health consequences. Despite the health concerns associated with obesity and overweight, diagnosis and treatment efforts are limited (Montan et al., 2019)The Integrative Literature Review Research Paper.

A treatment option applied in management obesity and overweight in pharmacological therapy. This is based on the understanding that obesity and overweight are caused by energy imbalances in terms of the energy consumed and expended. The energy imbalance is moderated by human behavior, genetic predisposition and interaction with environmental factors (Montan et al., 2019). Towards this end, lifestyle modification, particularly exercise and diet, is considered as a typical management approach for obesity and overweight. Any weight loss achieved for persons identified as obese or overweight is associated with significant improvements in metabolic and cardiovascular health (Brellenthin et al., 2021)The Integrative Literature Review Research Paper.

The fundamental approach for weight management in the treatment of overweight and obesity is to create a negative energy balance through have lower energy intake and higher energy expenditure. This is achieved by increasing physical activities and taking in calorie restricted diets. Guidelines for weight loss in overweight and obesity control calls for at least 5% weight reduction from the baseline figure as well as improved cardio-metabolic risk factors. However, there is a concern that many patients cannot adhere to the lifestyle measures for the long term with many patient only able to lose the desired weight when lifestyle measures are used in combination with pharmacological measures. Even if the patients are able to achieve the desired weight loss when using lifestyle measures alone, they are unable to sustain the weight loss for the long term and are likely to regain the lost weight within five years (Tak & Lee, 2021)The Integrative Literature Review Research Paper.

Central and peripheral hormonal signaling alongside other mechanisms highly control energy intake in the form of food. Medications prescribed for weight loss target and exploit these highly controlled mechanisms. The medications lower calorie absorption, promote energy expenditure, and reduce appetite, all mechanisms that help the body achieve negative energy balance through increasing energy use and reducing energy uptake. However, medication present a concern from the long-term side effects, particularly in causing cardiovascular issues. In fact, there are questions about their weight loss efficacy and cardiovascular safety. These concerns draw attention to the relapsing, chronic and complex nature of obesity (Tak & Lee, 2021). What has been learned from weight loss medication is the negative side effects to include development of cancer from lorcaserin, stroke and myocardial infraction from sibutramine, suicidal behavior and ideation from rimonabant, stroke from phenylpropanolamine, valvulopathy from dexfenfluramine, cardiac valvulopathy from fenfluramine, and pulmonary hypertension from aminorex (Coulter et al., 2018; Sharretts et al., 2020)The Integrative Literature Review Research Paper.

Montan et al. (2019) notes that therapeutic lifestyle change may not be sufficient in attaining weight loss goals with overweight and obese persons either failing to lose weight or regaining lost weight. This state of affairs has advanced the use of prescription medication in weight management as an adjunct to lifestyle modification. These medications include liraglutide, bupropion/naltrexone, lorcaserin, topiramate/phentermine, and orlistat. While these medication have shown to be effective in achieving weight loss goals, they present some concerns, particularly as they have addictive properties and present safety concerns. Pharmacotherapy is not a panacea for treatment overweight and obesity as it only facilitates weight loss with physical exercises and weight loss being more effective in maintaining weight loss for the long term. In fact, these concerns have resulted in pharmacotherapy treatment being considered as a second-line treatment for overweight and obesity, after lifestyle modifications with bariatric devices being second-line treatment and surgery being fourth-line treatment (Montan et al., 2019)The Integrative Literature Review Research Paper.

Salari et al. (2021) adds to the discussion by noting that there are different weight management options for treating overweight and obesity. These treatment options include medication, surgery, exercise and dietary control. The different treatment options are applied based on a range of factors to include age, gender/sex, underlying causes, obesity-related complications, preferences, and psychosocial factors. Medication is applied as an option, but presents some concerns as it is associated with different responses from different people. Many of the medication present safety and efficacy concerns as they present side effects. It is for this reason that lifestyle measures of exercise, diet and behavioral modifications are considered as the first line treatment as they present les concerns with fewer side effects. Medication therapy is considered as an option for persons to whom lifestyle measures alone are not responsive. Still, the fact that medication present known side effects makes them controversial. In addition, the effectiveness of medication is limited as they are not effective for all patients and may be ineffective for other patients even as they present side effects of concern (Salari et al., 2021)The Integrative Literature Review Research Paper.

Dietary therapy for obesity, like other treatments, focuses on achieving net negative energy results. This involves expending more energy that is gained thus resulting in weight loss. The dietary approach achieves satiation while restricting energy intake through low carbohydrate and low fat meals as carbohydrates and fats are calorie dense foods thus making them the most appealing targets for weight loss intervention. Protein intake may be encouraged as proteins are satiating but have low calorie content. In addition, dietary therapy can apply calorie restriction. This involves limiting calorie ingestion to achieve net energy deficit. Still, limiting calorie intake would only work for the short term but not for the long term as there is a possibility of weight gain following loss of diet adherence and metabolic adaptation to the low calorie diet. Besides that, dietary therapy can apply either partial or full meal replacement in which meals are replaced with nutritionally replete substitutes with calorie intake restriction. Furthermore, other options include dietary styles and choices that include taking in vegetables and fruits with low calorie levels (Ruban et al., 2019)The Integrative Literature Review Research Paper.

There is strong evidence that physical exercise alongside dieting is effective in achieving weight loss in obesity and overweight management. Physical exercise, particularly aerobic exercise help with weight loss and preventing weight gain through increasing metabolic activity in the muscles, causing them to use more calories and energy in the exercise thereby resulting in negative energy count (Brellenthin et al., 2021)The Integrative Literature Review Research Paper.

Lifestyle measure show benefits of intervention in healthy weight loss and reduced comorbidities. In fact, the benefit of diet and exercise in managing obesity and overweight is clear through its effects on metabolic and weight control. Still, it is important to note that adhering to lifestyle measures may present a challenge as the idea of being on dieting and regularly exercising for the foreseeable future is enough to put many patients off. This is especially the case when there is a mismatch between patient motives/preferences, and the lifestyle measures planned, resulting in the lifestyle measures engagement being negatively impacted (Baillot et al., 2021). Still, it cannot be ignored that weight management is best achieved through exploring many complex factors that include food eaten, type of food eaten and timing of meals. Achieving an energy deficit is the most important factor in weight loss with the meals helping in this regard by reducing energy intake while physical exercise helps in increasing energy expenditure (Kim, 2021)The Integrative Literature Review Research Paper.

It is evident that unhealthy lifestyle, positive calorie counts and high calorie diets, and irregular physical activity are to blame for overweight and obesity conditions. As such, obesity and overweight management should focus on weight loss through lifestyle measures of exercise and diet as the fastest, safest, and most effective weight loss when compared to medication.

ORDER TODAY

References

Baillot, A., Chenail S, Polita N. B., Simoneau, M., Libourel, M., Nazon, E., … & Romain, A. J. (2021). Physical activity motives, barriers, and preferences in people with obesity: A systematic review. PLoS ONE 16(6), e0253114. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253114

Brellenthin, A. G, Lee, D., Bennie, J. A., Sui, X., & Blair, S. N. (2021). Resistance exercise, alone and in combination with aerobic exercise, and obesity in Dallas, Texas, US: A prospective cohort study. PLoS Med, 18(6), e1003687. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003687

Coulter, A. A., Rebello, C. J., & Greenway, F. L. (2018). Centrally Acting Agents for Obesity: Past, Present, and Future. Drugs, 78(11), 1113–1132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-018-0946-y

Kim J. Y. (2021). Optimal Diet Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance. Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome, 30(1), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes20065

Montan, P. D., Sourlas, A., Olivero, J., Silverio, D., Guzman, E., & Kosmas, C. E. (2019). Pharmacologic therapy of obesity: mechanisms of action and cardiometabolic effects. Annals of translational medicine, 7(16), 393. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.07.27

Ruban, A., Stoenchev, K., Ashrafian, H., & Teare, J. (2019). Current treatments for obesity. Clinical medicine (London, England), 19(3), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.19-3-205

Salari, N., Jafari, S., Darvishi, N., Valipour, E., Mohammadi, M., Mansouri, K., & Shohaimi, S. (2021). The best drug supplement for obesity treatment: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome, 13(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-021-00733-5

Sharretts, J., Galescu, O., Gomatam, S., Andraca-Carrera, E., Hampp, C., & Yanoff, L. (2020). Cancer Risk Associated with Lorcaserin – The FDA’s Review of the CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 Trial. The New England journal of medicine, 383(11), 1000–1002. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2003873

Tak, Y. J., & Lee, S. Y. (2021). Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Obesity Treatment: Where Do We Stand?. Current obesity reports, 10(1), 14–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-020-00422-w The Integrative Literature Review Research Paper 248436__Week_3__The_Integrative_Literature_Review_640fe9d473617.pdf (2)