Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Discussion

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Discussion

The Assignment

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following

• The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
• Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
• How these processes interact to affect the patient. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Discussion

Scenario: 76-year-old female patient complains of weight gain, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, and abdominal swelling. She has a history of congestive heart failure and admits to not taking her diuretic, as it makes her “have to get up every couple hours to go to the bathroom.” She now must sleep on two pillows in order to get enough air.

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Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis-not including title page, references)

In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following points:

• The cardiovascular andcardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
• Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
• How these processes interact to affect the patient.

Resources:

• McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
  • Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems; Summary Review
  • Chapter 33: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function (stop at Dysrhythmias); Summary Review
  • Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System; Summary Review
  • Chapter 36: Alterations of Pulmonary Function (stop at Disorders of the chest wall and pleura); (obstructive pulmonary diseases) (stop at Pulmonary artery hypertension); Summary Review Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Discussion

Note: The above chapters were first presented in the Week 3 resources. If you read them previously you are encouraged to review them this week.

Resources:

• McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
  • Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems; Summary Review
  • Chapter 33: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function (stop at Dysrhythmias); Summary Review
  • Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System; Summary Review
  • Chapter 36: Alterations of Pulmonary Function (stop at Disorders of the chest wall and pleura); (obstructive pulmonary diseases) (stop at Pulmonary artery hypertension); Summary Review

Note: The above chapters were first presented in the Week 3 resources. If you read them previously you are encouraged to review them this week.

Case Study Analysis

Underlying Cardiovascular alongside Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Processes for Patient’s Symptoms

As per the patient’s presented symptoms within the case scenario, the patient can be ascertained to be having congestive heart failure. Congestive heart failure depicts a multifaceted clinical-founded syndrome whereby a patient’s heart is incapable of effectively pumping sufficient blood for attaining all the necessary bodily function needs (Rangaswami & McCullough, 2018). Congestive heart failure stems from the baseline cardiac physiologic structures trying to steer adaptive mechanisms (Wolters et al., 2018). The context is through various compensatory frameworks for upholding cardiac output coupled with attainment of the systemic needs. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Discussion

The involved aspects include the Frank-Starling mechanism, changeovers within myocyte regeneration, myocardial hypertrophy, together with myocardial hypercontractility. There is a consequent stress on the walls which causes the myocardium to try to steer the compensatory process (Malik et al., 2022). The basis is through eccentric remodeling and an additional aggravation of the underlying loading contexts. A reduced afterload coupled with myocardial contractility and impairment of the myocardial relaxation causes elevated extents of myocardial oxygen demand (Malik et al., 2022). The generated paradoxical requirement for elevated levels of cardiac output for sustaining the underlying myocardial demand consequently causes myocardial cell death together with apoptosis.

Increased apoptosis extents cause a resultant reduction in the underlying coupled output that relates to elevated demands. The context causes the development of perpetuating cycle for elevated levels of neurohumoral stimulation, together with maladaptive hemodynamic coupled with myocardial reactions. The reduced cardiac output levels further lead to a stimulation of the baseline renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which causes an elevation of salt coupled with water retention rates together with vasoconstriction (Malik et al., 2022). Additionally, there is the propelling of the underlying maladaptive frameworks within the patient’s heart together with aggravated heart failure. Also, the underlying RAAS framework produces angiotensin II, which causes an elevation of myocardial cellular hypertrophy coupled with interstitial fibrosis (Malik et al., 2022). Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Discussion

Possible Ethnic and Racial Variables Impacting Physiologic Functioning

Congestive heart failure variations extend across individuals of different races, and ethnicity together with sex. In this regard, it can be highlighted that African-Americans together with Hispanics tend to uphold increased levels of prevalence as compared to their White counterparts (American College of Cardiology, 2020). Also, African-Americans women are highlighted to have elevated extents of prevalence for congestive heart failure as compared to the rest of the races with the related sex factors. Also, women from most minority groups tend to have higher cases of developing congestive heart failure (American College of Cardiology, 2020). The variations stem from risk factors such as diabetes, sleep apnea, obesity, viral infections, taking alcohol, and congenital heart disease, together with certain types of medications such as rosiglitazone together with pioglitazone (Mayo Clinic, 2021).

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Impact on Patient’s Life

The reduced functioning of a patient due to congestive heart failure is reliant on the extent of the patient’s aggravation of the illness. One complication that may be faced is kidney failure as the heart is incapable of effectively generating blood towards the individual’s kidneys. Another complication is heart valve issues due to the heart being incapable of correctly steering blood toward the required direction. The basis may cause an enlargement of the heart due to increased pressure levels (Mayo Clinic, 2021). Another complication is liver damage due to an elevated extent of fluid accumulation that exerts high-pressure levels on the liver, which causes scarring and reduced liver functioning. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Discussion

Conclusion

Congestive heart failure presents an underlying chronic situation that impacts the heart’s muscle’s capability of pumping blood. Some risk factors for the condition include diabetes, high blood pressure, and increased alcohol use, together with smoking tobacco. Congestive heart failure leads to an accumulation of fluids in the other bodily parts. The context causes complications such as kidney failure, heart valve challenges, and damage to the liver. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Discussion