Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Essay Paper

Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Essay Paper

This week, you are assigned the interactive case, Alzheimer’s Disease.

Under Learning Resources is the Required Media, which contains the interactive case of Alzheimer’s disease.

Carefully read the assignment requirements and rubric located in the module.

In this interactive media piece, you will engage in a set of decisions for prescribing and recommendations.

Make sure final decisions are documented.

Failure to provide the rubric requirements makes it difficult for me to grade your assignment, and points will be deducted. Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Essay Paper

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Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center offers an example of those required elements (available at http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm Links to an external site.). All papers submitted must use this formatting.

REQUIRED READINGS

• Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
  • Chapter 26, “Antipsychotic Agents and Their Use in Schizophrenia” (pp. 203–213)
  • Chapter 27, “Antidepressants” (pp. 214–226)
  • Chapter 28, “Drugs for Bipolar Disorder” (pp. 228–233)
  • Chapter 29, “Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs” (pp. 234–242)
  • Chapter 30, “Management of Anxiety Disorders” (pp. 243–247)
  • Chapter 31, “Central Nervous System Stimulants and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder” (pp. 248–254) Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Essay Paper

REQUIRED MEDIA

Walden University, LLC. (Producer). (2019a). Adult geriatric depression

• Links to an external site. [Interactive media file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

In this interactive media piece, you will engage in a set of decisions for prescribing and recommending pharmacotherapeutics to treat adult geriatric depression.

• Walden University, LLC. (Producer). (2019c). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• Links to an external site. [Interactive media file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

In this interactive media piece, you will engage in a set of decisions for prescribing and recommending pharmacotherapeutics to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

• Walden University, LLC. (Producer). (2019d). Bipolar therapy
• Links to an external site. [Interactive media file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

In this interactive media piece, you will engage in a set of decisions for prescribing and recommending pharmacotherapeutics for bipolar therapy.

• Walden University, LLC. (Producer). (2019g). Generalized anxiety disorder
• Links to an external site. [Interactive media file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

In this interactive media piece, you will engage in a set of decisions for prescribing and recommending pharmacotherapeutics to treat generalized anxiety disorder.

• Speed Pharmacology. (2018). Pharmacology – Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Hypnotics (Made Easy)

Links to an external site. [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZHudeMho8g&t=24s Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Essay Paper

 

alden University, LLC. (Producer). (2019b). Alzheimer’s disease

• Links to an external site. [Interactive media file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

In this interactive media piece, you will engage in a set of decisions for prescribing and recommending pharmacotherapeutics to treat Alzheimer’s disease.

• Walden University, LLC. (Producer). (2019e). Complex regional pain disorder

• Links to an external site. [Interactive media file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

In this interactive media piece, you will engage in a set of decisions for prescribing and recommending pharmacotherapeutics to treat complex regional pain disorders.

Disorders of The Nervous System

• Reflect on the comprehensive review of disorders of the nervous system and think about how you might recommend or prescribe pharmacotherapeutics to treat these disorders. (15m)

• Speed Pharmacology. (2019). Drugs for Parkinson’s Disease (Made Easy)
• Links to an external site. [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z84iypHdftQ&t=13s
• Note: This media program is approximately 9 minutes.
• Speed Pharmacology. (2019). Pharmacology- Drugs for Alzheimer’s Disease (Made Easy)
• Links to an external site. [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euzRPrvrwj0&t=31s
• Note: This media program is approximately 7 minutes.

 

For your Assignment, your Instructor will assign you one of the decision tree interactive media pieces provided in the Resources. As you examine the patient case studies in this module’s Resources, consider how you might assess and treat patients presenting symptoms of neurological and musculoskeletal disorders. Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Essay Paper

 

To Prepare:

• Review the interactive media piece assigned by your Instructor.
• Reflect on the patient’s symptoms and aspects of the disorder presented in the interactive media piece.
• Consider how you might assess and treat patients presenting with the symptoms of the patient case study you were assigned.
• You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the diagnosis and treatment for this patient. Reflect on potential co-morbid physical as well as patient factors that might impact the patient’s diagnosis and treatment.

 

Write a 1- to 2-page summary paper that addresses the following:

• Briefly summarize the patient case study you were assigned, including each of the three decisions you took for the patient presented. Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Essay Paper
• Based on the decisions you recommended for the patient case study, explain whether you believe the decisions provided were supported by evidence-based literature. Be specific and provide examples. Be sure to support your response with evidence and references from outside resources.
• What were you hoping to achieve with the decisions you recommended for the patient case study you were assigned? Support your response with evidence and references from outside resources.
• Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with each of the decisions and the results of the decision in the exercise. Describe whether they were different. Be specific and provide examples. Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Essay Paper

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological illness that progresses over time and causes severe impairment to cognition and everyday functioning (Scheltens et al., 2021). As such, it presents a significant challenge to the healthcare industry. This illness, which is characterized by dementia-like symptoms, places a significant burden on people, families, and especially healthcare systems. The treatment approaches now in use, which aim to either maintain acetylcholine levels or lessen the neurotoxic consequences of excessive glutamate in the brain, only provide moderate symptomatic alleviation (DeTure & Dickson, 2019). Alzheimer’s disease’s pharmacological landscape explains complex aspects of the disease’s pathogenesis by delving into the cholinergic, amyloid, and Tau hypotheses (dos Santos et al., 2018).

The three choices are inhibitors of cholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil: The cholinergic theory is addressed by the prescription of drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors, which raise acetylcholine levels and may slow down cognitive deterioration (Kabir et al., 2019). The second decision is the NMDA Receptor Antagonist. Targeting excess glutamate, the choice entails adjusting glutamate levels while decreasing related harmful effects in the brain by using NMDA receptor antagonists such as memantine (Babaei, 2021). Thirdly, there are investigations on monoclonal antibodies that target beta-amyloid aggregation. The amyloid hypothesis states that beta-amyloid plaques have a role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. As a result, scientists are investigating monoclonal antibodies that are made to specifically target and remove beta-amyloid aggregated in the brain (Rygiel, 2016). This concept is futuristic and may provide a more effective and focused solution by tackling the underlying pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease instead of only treating its symptoms.  Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Essay Paper

Evidenced-Based Literature

Studies have shown that cholinesterase inhibitors, like donepezil, are effective in raising acetylcholine levels and that they have some positive impact on daily living activities, including cognitive performance (Kabir et al., 2019). Comparably, data demonstrating NMDA receptor antagonists’ capacity to control glutamate levels as well as relieve symptoms, especially in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s stages, supports the use of drugs like memantine (Liu et al., 2019). It appears sensible to investigate monoclonal antibodies that target beta-amyloid aggregation, given current research trends. Clinical studies exploring the possibility of anti-amyloid treatments to reduce cognitive decline have been conducted, such as those for aducanumab (Vitek et al., 2023). This decision emphasizes the investigation of novel tactics that have the potential to target the underlying pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease, even if the outcomes might vary. It is a prospective strategy based on the changing field of Alzheimer’s research. Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Essay Paper

What I Hoped to Achieve with The Decisions

The recommendations made for an Alzheimer’s patient attempted to address the complex nature of the illness and how it affects cognitive performance. The idea behind giving cholinesterase inhibitors, such as Donepezil, was to raise acetylcholine levels in order to perhaps slow down the cognitive loss linked to the cholinergic concept (Kabir et al., 2019). Memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, was also used to control glutamate levels in an effort to lessen the harmful consequences associated with the development of illness (Babaei, 2021). Investigating monoclonal antibodies that target beta-amyloid aggregation was a proactive approach to address the underlying causes of Alzheimer’s disease. The main goal was to investigate novel medicines that can possibly decrease the course of the illness in addition to providing alleviation of symptoms (Rygiel, 2016). By taking these actions, the individual’s standard of life will hopefully be enhanced, underlying processes will be addressed, and Alzheimer’s treatment methods will continue to evolve. Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Essay Paper

Expected Outcomes and Possible Variations

By increasing acetylcholine levels, cholinesterase inhibitors (such as donepezil) are expected to improve cognitive performance as well as activities of everyday life. Individual reactions, however, could differ from little enhancements to more significant cognitive advantages. Factors like patient age, illness severity, as well as genetic predispositions, impact the effectiveness of donepezil ((Kabir et al., 2019). The predicted result of the NMDA Receptor Antagonist (Memantine) is to reduce the harmful effects of glutamate, which may provide symptomatic relief, especially in moderately to severe stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Although memantine typically stabilizes cognition, each person’s progress is different. The disparity in treatment results may be attributed to several factors, including individual responsiveness, possible side effects, including disorientation or dizziness, and the unique features of the patient group (Liu et al., 2019). Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Essay Paper

The use of inhibitors of cholinesterase, such as donepezil, presents inherent challenges and differences due to fluctuating patient responses, which emphasizes the necessity for individualized methods. Similarly, it is more difficult to anticipate results while using memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, due to the variety of effects and different tolerances for adverse effects (Babaei, 2021). Because response rates, adverse reactions, and overall effectiveness in the field of monoclonal antibodies targeting beta-amyloid aggregation are closely linked to particular trial designs as well as patient characteristics, the inherent unpredictability of clinical trials highlights the need for moderate optimism.

Conclusion

Innovative therapeutic techniques are required for Alzheimer’s disease, a neurodegenerative disorder that is severe and has substantial impacts on cognition, everyday living, and healthcare systems. The current treatments, which target acetylcholine or reduce glutamate toxicity, only provide moderate relief. A proactive approach is seen in the investigation of monoclonal antibodies that target beta-amyloid aggregation, cholinesterase inhibitors (Donepezil), as well as NMDA receptor antagonists (Memantine). The difficulty of treating Alzheimer’s disease is highlighted by the inherent variability in patient responses as well as clinical trial results, even when evidence suggests that they may be effective. The objectives include improving quality of life, treating underlying disease, and making a positive impact on the dynamic development of Alzheimer’s treatment. These choices, which acknowledge the complexity of Alzheimer’s disease and the continuous developments in its treatment field, aim to enhance the quality of life. Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Essay Paper

For your Assignment, your Instructor will assign you one of the decision tree interactive media pieces provided in the Resources. As you examine the patient case studies in this moduleâ€s Resources, consider how you might assess and treat patients presenting symptoms of neurological and musculoskeletal disorders.

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To Prepare:

Review the interactive media piece assigned by your Instructor.
Reflect on the patientâ€s symptoms and aspects of the disorder presented in the interactive media piece.
Consider how you might assess and treat patients presenting with the symptoms of the patient case study you were assigned.
You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the diagnosis and treatment for this patient. Reflect on potential co-morbid physical as well as patient factors that might impact the patientâ€s diagnosis and treatment. Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Essay Paper

 

Write a 1- to 2-page summary paper that addresses the following:

Briefly summarize the patient case study you were assigned, including each of the three decisions you took for the patient presented.
Based on the decisions you recommended for the patient case study, explain whether you believe the decisions provided were supported by the evidence-based literature. Be specific and provide examples. Be sure to support your response with evidence and references from outside resources.
What were you hoping to achieve with the decisions you recommended for the patient case study you were assigned? Support your response with evidence and references from outside resources.
Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with each of the decisions and the results of the decision in the exercise. Describe whether they were different. Be specific and provide examples. Decision Tree for Neurological and Musculoskeletal Essay Paper